(Ag News) –  Thanksgiving remains one of the most widely celebrated holidays in the United States, with over 90% of Americans observing the tradition each year. For many, it ranks as a favorite holiday, bringing together family and friends around a meal that often centers on one iconic dish: roast turkey. Yet, few people consider the agricultural effort behind this holiday staple. Each year, an estimated 46 million turkeys are consumed on Thanksgiving alone, with production largely concentrated in a handful of states. More than 85% of U.S. turkey production takes place in just 13 states, with North Carolina and Minnesota leading as the top producers. Together, these two states contribute more than 30% of the nation’s total turkey output.

Outside of North Carolina and Minnesota, Indiana is a major producer, contributing 11.9% of U.S. turkey production by weight, followed by Arkansas at 7.8% and Iowa at 7.3%. In general, turkey production is largely concentrated along or east of the Mississippi River, although California stands out as a notable exception. To determine the top turkey producers, researchers ranked states based on 2023 total turkey production, measured in pounds. Some national and Iowa statistics:

• The rise and fall of turkey production in the U.S.: Since 1960, per capita turkey production rose sharply and peaked in 1996 at 26.8 pounds per person. However, in 2022, annual production had dropped to just 20 pounds per person—a decline of approximately 25%.
• Rising prices and shifting consumer demand: Health concerns and changing dietary preferences play a significant role, with more Americans choosing plant-based diets and reducing meat consumption. Rising turkey prices, which increased from $0.80 per pound in 2018 to $1.40 per pound in 2023, also impact consumption.
  
• Larger birds soften the decline: The average size of turkeys raised in the U.S. has nearly doubled since the 1960s—averaging 32 pounds per bird compared to around 18 pounds in the 1960s. This trend has helped maintain relatively high production levels even as the total number of turkeys raised has declined (a peak of approximately 303 million birds annually in 1996, but an estimated 218 million birds in 2023).
• Iowa produces 7.3% of America’s turkey by weight: In 2023, Iowa raised 11.5 million turkeys, with an average weight of 44.2 pounds per bird. In total, Iowa produced over 500 million pounds of turkey last year—the 5th most in the nation.

Here is a summary of the data for Iowa:

• Turkey production (pounds): 508,300,000
• Turkey production value (dollars): $477,802,000
• Turkeys raised: 11,500,000
• Average turkey size (pounds): 44.2
• Share of U.S. turkey production: 7.3%
• Share of U.S. turkeys raised: 5.3%

The analysis was conducted by Trace One—a company specializing in regulatory compliance for the food and beverage industry—using data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).